Title Targeting the YXXPhi Motifs of the SARS Coronaviruses 1 and 2 ORF3a Peptides by In Silico Analysis to Predict Novel Virus-Host Interactions.
Author Kakkanas, Athanassios; Karamichali, Eirini; Koufogeorgou, Efthymia Ioanna; Kotsakis, Stathis D; Georgopoulou, Urania; Foka, Pelagia
Journal Biomolecules Publication Year/Month 2022-Jul
PMID 36008946 PMCID PMC9405953
Affiliation + expend 1.Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115-21 Athens, Greece.

The emerging SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the family of "common cold" RNA coronaviruses, and they are responsible for the 2003 epidemic and the current pandemic with over 6.3 M deaths worldwide. The ORF3a gene is conserved in both viruses and codes for the accessory protein ORF3a, with unclear functions, possibly related to viral virulence and pathogenesis. The tyrosine-based YXXPhi motif (Phi: bulky hydrophobic residue-L/I/M/V/F) was originally discovered to mediate clathrin-dependent endocytosis of membrane-spanning proteins. Many viruses employ the YXXPhi motif to achieve efficient receptor-guided internalisation in host cells, maintain the structural integrity of their capsids and enhance viral replication. Importantly, this motif has been recently identified on the ORF3a proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Given that the ORF3a aa sequence is not fully conserved between the two SARS viruses, we aimed to map in silico structural differences and putative sequence-driven alterations of regulatory elements within and adjacently to the YXXPhi motifs that could predict variations in ORF3a functions. Using robust bioinformatics tools, we investigated the presence of relevant post-translational modifications and the YXXPhi motif involvement in protein-protein interactions. Our study suggests that the predicted YXXPhi-related features may confer specific-yet to be discovered-functions to ORF3a proteins, significant to the new virus and related to enhanced propagation, host immune regulation and virulence.

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