OBJECTIVES: Viral respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity and economic loss. While rhinoviruses (RV) typically cause little more than the common cold, they can produce severe infections and disease exacerbations in susceptible individuals, such as those with asthma. Variations in the regulation of key antiviral cytokines, particularly type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta), may contribute to RV susceptibility. To understand this variability, we compared the transcriptomes of high and low type I IFN producers. METHODS: Blood mononuclear cells from 238 individuals with or without asthma were cultured in the presence or absence of RV. Those samples demonstrating high or low RV-stimulated IFN-alpha production (N = 75) underwent RNA-sequencing. RESULTS: Gene expression patterns were similar in samples from healthy participants and those with asthma. At baseline, the high IFN-alpha producer group showed higher expression of genes associated with plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the innate immune response and vitamin D activation, but lower expression of oxidative stress pathways than the low IFN-alpha producer group. After RV stimulation, the high IFN-alpha producer group showed higher expression of genes found in immune response biological pathways and lower expression of genes linked to developmental and catabolic processes when compared to the low IFN-alpha producer group. CONCLUSIONS: These differences suggest that the high IFN-alpha group has a higher level of immune system readiness, resulting in a more intense and perhaps more focussed pathogen-specific immune response. These results contribute to a better understanding of the variability in type I IFN production between individuals.