Objective: Cardiovascular disease is one among the major mortality threats throughout the world. Autonomic activity of the nervous system can be examined by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Association of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities is directly related to HRV modulation. The aim of the study is to determine variations in HRV parameters among adult/adolescent male and female subjects due to vegetarian and nonvegetarian diet.Method: Ninety undergraduate students in each male and female group (N = 180) volunteered for the study. Based upon food habits, male and female subjects were categorized into four groups. Short-term (5-minute) heart rate recordings were measured from the subjects in a seated position before breakfast with minimum of 12 hours\' fasting. Two-way analysis of variance was performed among the time and frequency domain variables.Results: Time domain variables are observed as significant (p < 0.05) between vegetarian males and females and also (p < 0.05) between male vegetarian and female nonvegetarians for standard deviation of NN intervals. Frequency domain HRV indices such as low frequency (LF; p = 0.01), high frequency (HF; p = 0.0001), and LF/HF (p < 0.001) resulted between male and female vegetarians. Significance of LF (p = 0.02), HF (p < 0.0001), and LF/HF (p < 0.01) was measured between male vegetarians and female nonvegetarians. LF (p = 0.02), HF (p = 0.04), and LF/HF (p = 0.002) resulted between nonvegetarian males and females. HF (p = 0.05) was enumerated between male vegetarians and nonvegetarians.Conclusions: Significant predominance of sympathetic cardiac activity was observed among male nonvegetarian consumers more than female vegetarians. Analysis demonstrates that the gender-based influence of vegetarian and nonvegetarian diet has significant correlation under HRV measurements.