BACKGROUND: With population ageing a significant concern, modifiable factors contributing to healthy ageing must be identified. Autonomic responding reflected by heart rate variability (HRV) has well-established links to general health and wellbeing in younger populations; but has yet to be explored in older individuals. METHODS: Forty-five healthy participants (49-82鈥痽ears old) completed questionnaires about sleep and physical and psychological health. Autonomic activity was measured during rest and whilst completing a computerised battery of cognitive tasks. Participants then wore an ambulatory heart rate monitor overnight, and recorded their sleep and physical activity for one week. HRV parameters reflecting cardiac vagal tone were derived from electrocardiograph recordings. RESULTS: Age and resting HRV were not related; however a positive association was identified between higher HRV in the 2鈥痟 prior to sleep and older age. Higher resting HRV, older age, and better sleep quality significantly predicted psychological wellbeing; and fewer somatic and physical health symptoms and older age predicted better average sleep quality ratings. Older age and poorer general health were significant predictors of cognitive performance deficits. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an age-related decline in HRV is not inevitable. Longitudinal designs exploring within-individual changes in cardiac vagal tone are required to better understand the factors contributing to healthy ageing.