Title | Modeling of the human rhinovirus C capsid suggests a novel topography with insights on receptor preference and immunogenicity. | ||
Author | Basta, Holly A; Sgro, Jean-Yves; Palmenberg, Ann C | ||
Journal | Virology | Publication Year/Month | 2014-Jan |
PMID | 24314648 | PMCID | PMC3857591 |
Affiliation | 1.Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. |
Features of human rhinovirus (RV)-C virions that allow them to use novel cell receptors and evade immune responses are unknown. Unlike the RV-A+B, these isolates cannot be propagated in typical culture systems or grown for structure studies. Comparative sequencing, I-TASSER, MODELLER, ROBETTA, and refined alignment techniques led to a structural approximation for C15 virions, based on the extensive, resolved RV-A+B datasets. The model predicts that all RV-C VP1 proteins are shorter by 21 residues relative to the RV-A, and 35 residues relative to the RV-B, effectively shaving the RV 5-fold plateau from the particle. There are major alterations in VP1 neutralizing epitopes and the structural determinants for ICAM-1 and LDLR receptors. The VP2 and VP3 elements are similar among all RV, but the loss of sequence "words" contributing Nim1ab has increased the apparent selective pressure among the RV-C to fix mutations elsewhere in the VP1, creating a possible compensatory epitope.