Title Recombination in the evolution of human rhinovirus genomes.
Author McIntyre, Chloe L; Savolainen-Kopra, Carita; Hovi, Tapani; Simmonds, Peter
Journal Arch Virol Publication Year/Month 2013-Jul
PMID 23443931 PMCID -N/A-
Affiliation 1.Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. C.L.McIntyre@sms.ed.ac.uk.

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are highly prevalent human respiratory pathogens that belong to the genus Enterovirus. Although recombination within the coding region is frequent in other picornavirus groups, most evidence of recombination in HRV has been restricted to the 5\' untranslated region. We analysed the occurrence of recombination within published complete genome sequences of members of all three HRV species and additionally compared sequences from HRV strains spanning 14 years. HRV-B and HRV-C showed very little evidence of recombination within the coding region. In contrast, HRV-A sequences appeared to have undergone a large number of recombination events, typically involving whole type groups. This suggests that HRV-A may have been subject to extensive recombination during the period of diversification into types. This study demonstrates the rare and sporadic nature of contemporary recombination of HRV strains and contrasts with evidence of extensive recombination within HRV-A and between members of different species during earlier stages in its evolutionary diversification.

StrainID RV Species Serotype Length(nt) Country Year Strain Name
ANS09581 A 9 855 Finland 1996 41563/96
ANS09582 A 9 855 United Kingdom 2007 Resp_6174/07
ANS09583 A 9 855 United Kingdom 2007 Resp_6000/07
ANS09584 A 9 855 United Kingdom 2009 Resp_17598/09
ANS09585 A 9 855 United Kingdom 2006 Resp_2548/06
ANS09586 A 28 873 United Kingdom 2007 Resp_5119/07
ANS09587 A 28 861 United Kingdom 2007 Resp_4129/07
ANS09588 A 28 861 United Kingdom 2007 Resp_4103/07
ANS09589 A 28 861 United Kingdom 2007 Resp_3949/07
ANS09590 A 28 861 Finland 1995 105_6735/95
ANS09591 A 78 849 United Kingdom 2009 Resp_15467/09
ANS09592 A 78 849 United Kingdom 2008 Resp_14144/08
ANS09593 A 78 849 United Kingdom 2009 Resp_15514/09
ANS09594 A 78 849 United Kingdom 2008 Resp_14455/08
ANS09595 A 78 849 United Kingdom 2008 Resp_14448/08
ANS09596 A 78 849 Finland 1996 134_7031/96
ANS09597 A 12 849 Finland 1994 97_6653/94
ANS09598 A 12 849 Finland 1996 203_7746/96
ANS09599 A 75 849 Finland 1996 41576/96
ANS09600 A 18 849 Finland 1996 292_8643/96
ANS09601 A 58 858 Finland 1995 95_9257/95
ANS09602 A 36 864 Finland 1997 44035/97
ANS09603 A 36 864 Finland 1996 41598/96
ANS09604 A 20 861 Finland 1995 206_7781/95
ANS09605 A 45 837 Finland 1996 146_7181/96
ANS09606 A 45 837 Finland 1995 140_7113/95
BNS01872 B 69 894 Finland 1995 223_8057/95
BNS01873 B 69 894 Finland 1995 64_6322/95
BNS01874 B 69 894 Finland 1995 181_7506/95
BNS01875 B 69 894 Finland 1995 187_7576/95
BNS01876 B 104 894 Finland 1996 329_9056/96
BNS01877 B 104 894 United Kingdom 2006 Resp_2516/06
BNS01878 B 91 903 Finland 1996 207_7852/96
BNS01879 B 70 903 United Kingdom 2009 Resp_13171/09
BNS01880 B 70 903 United Kingdom 2009 Resp_13213/09
BNS01881 B 86 879 Finland 1995 318_8925/95
BNS01882 B 37 879 Finland 1995 51_9166/95
BNS01883 B 6 885 Finland 1997 89962/97
BNS01884 B 103 879 Finland 1996 110_9318/96
CNS06881 C 18 807 Finland 1996 41788/96
CNS06882 C 9 801 Finland 1996 86675/96
CNS06883 C 9 801 Finland 2009 Resp_16645/09
CNS06884 C 9 801 Finland 2009 Resp_15539/09
CNS06885 C 12 807 Finland 1997 41713/97
CNS06886 C 12 807 Finland 2009 Resp_15590/09
CNS06887 C 12 807 Finland 2008 Resp_14411/08
CNS06888 C 12 807 Finland 2008 Resp_14166/08
CNS06889 C 12 807 Finland 2008 Resp_14010/08
CNS06890 C 5 810 Finland 2009 Resp_14542/09
CNS06891 C 5 813 Finland 1997 44147/97
CNS06892 C 45 801 Finland 1996 90314/96
UNS03708 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2007 Resp_6174/07
UNS03709 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2007 Resp_6000/07
UNS03710 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2009 Resp_17598/09
UNS03711 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2007 Resp_5119/07
UNS03712 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2009 Resp_15467/09
UNS03713 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2008 Resp_14144/08
UNS03714 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2009 Resp_15514/09
UNS03715 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2008 Resp_14455/08
UNS03716 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2008 Resp_14448/08
UNS03717 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2009 Resp_13171/09
UNS03718 Unclassified None 387 Finland 2009 Resp_13213/09
UNS03719 Unclassified None 381 Finland 2008 Resp_14542/08
UNS03720 Unclassified None 381 Finland 2009 Resp_15590/09
UNS03721 Unclassified None 381 Finland 2008 Resp_14411/08
UNS03722 Unclassified None 381 Finland 2008 Resp_14166/08
UNS03723 Unclassified None 381 Finland 2008 Resp_14010/08
UNS03724 Unclassified None 343 Finland 2009 Resp_16645/09
UNS03725 Unclassified None 381 Finland 2009 Resp_15539/09
UNS03726 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 41563/96
UNS03727 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2007 Resp_6174/07
UNS03728 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2007 Resp_6000/07
UNS03729 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2009 Resp_17598/09
UNS03730 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2006 Resp_2548/06
UNS03731 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2007 Resp_5119/07
UNS03732 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2007 Resp_4129/07
UNS03733 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2007 Resp_4103/07
UNS03734 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2007 Resp_3949/07
UNS03735 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1995 105_6735/95
UNS03736 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2009 Resp_15467/09
UNS03737 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2008 Resp_14144/08
UNS03738 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2009 Resp_15514/09
UNS03739 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2008 Resp_14455/08
UNS03740 Unclassified None 483 Finland 2008 Resp_14448/08
UNS03741 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 134_7031/96
UNS03742 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1994 97_6653/94
UNS03743 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 203_7746/96
UNS03744 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 41576/96
UNS03745 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 292_8643/96
UNS03746 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1995 95_9257/95
UNS03747 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1997 44035/97
UNS03748 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 41598/96
UNS03749 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1995 206_7781/95
UNS03750 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1996 146_7181/96
UNS03751 Unclassified None 483 Finland 1995 140_7113/95
UNS03752 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1995 223_8057/95
UNS03753 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1995 64_6322/95
UNS03754 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1995 181_7506/95
UNS03755 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1995 187_7576/95
UNS03756 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1996 329_9056/96
UNS03757 Unclassified None 482 Finland 2006 Resp_2516/06
UNS03758 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1996 207_7852/96
UNS03759 Unclassified None 486 Finland 2009 Resp_13171/09
UNS03760 Unclassified None 486 Finland 2009 Resp_13213/09
UNS03761 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1995 318_8925/95
UNS03762 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1995 51_9166/95
UNS03763 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1997 89962/97
UNS03764 Unclassified None 486 Finland 1996 110_9318/96
UNS03765 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2008 Resp_14542/08
UNS03766 Unclassified None 450 Finland 1997 44147/97
UNS03767 Unclassified None 450 Finland 1996 90314/96
UNS03768 Unclassified None 450 Finland 1997 41713/97
UNS03769 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2009 Resp_15590/09
UNS03770 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2008 Resp_14411/08
UNS03771 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2008 Resp_14166/08
UNS03772 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2008 Resp_14010/08
UNS03773 Unclassified None 450 Finland 1996 41788/96
UNS03774 Unclassified None 450 Finland 1996 86675/96
UNS03775 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2009 Resp_16645/09
UNS03776 Unclassified None 450 Finland 2009 Resp_15539/09
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