Heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) reflect the modulation activity of autonomic nervous system on cardiovascular function. There have been important advances in multi-variate, multi-dimensional and dynamic analysis of HRV and BPV during recent years. Modern signal processing methods, such as multi-variate system identification, time-frequency analysis and nonlinear dynamics analysis, could be adopted in the risk prediction, severity evaluation and therapeutic treatment assessment of cardiovascular diseases. These new methods might also be useful in special environmental medicine.